高中英语 · 语法体系与应试方法 10 节 · 40 题 + 10 道大题

语法不是为了背规则，而是为了把句子读对、把句子写对。这一页按「时态 → 非谓语 → 三大从句 → 虚拟 → 倒装强调 → 易混词 → 阅读 → 写作」排下来，每节先给表格结论，再给 4 道选择题（点选项立刻判对错，选错专门告诉你这一项错在哪），最后一道大题用折叠盖住答案，写完再展开对。

训练 20 题测试 12 题高频词汇表

时态体系：11 个时态一张表

判断时态只问三个问题：① 动作发生在什么时候 ② 是"点"还是"段" ③ 有没有另一个时间作参照。有参照点就有"完成"或"进行"，没有参照点就是一般时。

时态	构成	主要用法	时间标志词	例句
一般现在	do / does；am / is / are	习惯、反复；客观真理；时刻表；时间/条件状语从句中表将来	always, usually, often, every day, on Sundays	Water boils at 100℃.
一般过去	did；was / were	过去某时发生并已结束，与现在无关	yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago, just now	He left for Shanghai last Friday.
一般将来	will do；be going to do；be about to do	预测、临时决定（will）；打算、有迹象（be going to）；即将（be about to，不带时间状语）	tomorrow, next week, in the future, soon	Look at the clouds — it is going to rain.
现在进行	am / is / are doing	此刻正在进行；现阶段暂时状态；按计划即将发生	now, at the moment, look, listen, these days	We are flying to Paris tomorrow.
过去进行	was / were doing	过去某时刻正在进行；为另一动作提供背景	at eight last night, at that time, while	I was reading when he called.
将来进行	will be doing	将来某时刻"正处在"某动作中，只陈述事实、不带意愿	at this time tomorrow, this time next week	We will be flying over the Pacific at this time tomorrow.
现在完成	have / has done	过去动作对现在的影响；从过去持续到现在（须用延续性动词）	already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, since, for, in the past few years	I have lost my key, so I can't get in.
过去完成	had done	过去的过去：以过去某时为参照，之前已完成	by the end of last year, by the time + 过去时, before	By the time we arrived, the film had begun.
将来完成	will have done	到将来某时为止已完成	by the end of next month, by the time + 现在时	By next June, he will have graduated.
现在完成进行	have / has been doing	从过去持续到现在，强调仍在继续、不间断	for + 时间段, since, all morning, how long	He has been writing the report all morning.
过去完成进行	had been doing	以过去某时为参照，之前一直在进行	for hours, all night + when…	She had been waiting for hours when the bus finally came.

过去完成 = had + done　｜　将来完成 = will have + done　｜　完成进行 = have been + doing
by the time + 过去时 → 主句 had done　｜　by the time + 现在时 → 主句 will have done

同一件事，三种时态三种含义

He has lived here for ten years. 现在完成：从十年前到现在，可能继续住下去。
He lived here for ten years. 一般过去：这十年已经结束，人已搬走。
He has been living here since 2015. 完成进行：一直住着、还在住，强调延续、不间断。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

易错点

看解析：5 个高频坑

瞬间动词不能 + for / since：× ~~I have bought the book for two years.~~　√ I have had the book for two years.　同类替换：borrow→keep、leave→be away、die→be dead、join→be a member of、begin→be on。
since 从句用一般过去，主句用现在完成：It is three years since he left.（也可 It has been three years since…）
主将从现：时间 / 条件状语从句用一般现在表将来。× ~~If it will rain tomorrow, …~~　√ If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the meeting.
有明确过去时间状语就不能用现在完成：× ~~I have seen him yesterday.~~　√ I saw him yesterday.
过去完成必须有参照物：先出现一个过去时间点，才谈得上"过去的过去"。没有参照点就直接用一般过去。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 时态综合填空（8 小题，先做再展开）

用括号内动词的适当形式填空。

Look! The children ______ (play) football on the playground.
So far, he ______ (write) three novels.
When I got to the station, the train ______ (leave).
It ______ (rain) heavily at eight o'clock last night.
This is the first time that I ______ (visit) the Great Wall.
If it ______ (not rain) tomorrow, we will go hiking.
By the end of last term, we ______ (learn) 2,000 English words.
He ______ (work) in this factory since 2015 and still enjoys it.

参考答案与解析

are playing —— Look! 提示"此刻正在发生"，用现在进行时。
has written —— so far（到目前为止）是现在完成时的标志词。
had left —— 火车"离开"发生在 got 之前，是"过去的过去"，用过去完成时。
was raining —— at eight o'clock last night 是过去的一个时间点，用过去进行时。
have visited —— This is the first time that… 后面固定用现在完成时。
doesn't rain —— 主将从现：if 从句用一般现在时表将来。
had learned —— by the end of + 过去时间，主句用过去完成时。
has been working —— since 2015 + still enjoys，强调从过去一直持续到现在且仍在继续，用现在完成进行时。

非谓语动词：to do / doing / done 三分天下

一个句子只能有一个谓语。其余动词必须"降级"成非谓语：to do（将来 · 目的 · 一次性）、doing（主动 · 进行 · 抽象习惯）、done（被动 · 完成）。判断口诀：先看逻辑主语是主动还是被动，再看动作先发生还是后发生。

形式	含义	作主语	作宾语	作定语	作状语
to do	将来、一次性、目的	To master a language takes years.	decide / hope / plan / refuse + to do	the meeting to be held tomorrow（将来·被动）	He got up early to catch the bus.（目的）
doing	主动、进行、抽象习惯	Seeing is believing.	enjoy / mind / avoid / finish + doing	the boy standing there（主动·正在）	Walking along the street, he met an old friend.
done	被动、完成	（很少用）	（很少用）	the book written by Lu Xun（被动·已写）	Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
having done	主动、先发生	—	—	—	Having finished his work, he went home.
being done	被动、正在进行	—	—	the house being built now（正在被建）	Being asked to answer, she stood up.
to be done	被动、将来	—	—	the problem to be discussed at the meeting（将在会上讨论）	—

必背固定搭配 20 个

#	固定搭配	含义	例句
1	be used to doing	习惯于做（to 是介词）	I'm used to getting up early.
2	look forward to doing	期待做	I look forward to hearing from you.
3	devote…to doing	把……献给做某事	He devoted himself to teaching.
4	can't help doing	忍不住做	She couldn't help laughing.
5	be worth doing	值得做	The book is worth reading.
6	have difficulty (in) doing	做某事有困难	We had difficulty finding his house.
7	spend time (in) doing	花时间做	She spends an hour reading every day.
8	prevent sb from doing	阻止某人做	The rain prevented us from going out.
9	insist on doing	坚持做	He insisted on paying the bill.
10	object to doing	反对做	They objected to building a factory here.
11	feel like doing	想要做	I don't feel like eating anything.
12	it's no use doing	做……没用	It's no use crying over spilt milk.
13	decide to do	决定做	She decided to study abroad.
14	refuse to do	拒绝做	He refused to answer the question.
15	manage to do	设法做成	We managed to finish it on time.
16	afford to do	负担得起做	We can't afford to buy a house.
17	be supposed to do	应该做	You are supposed to be here at nine.
18	in order to do	为了做（可放句首）	In order to save time, we took a taxi.
19	too…to do	太……以至于不能做	He is too tired to walk.
20	only to do	结果却（出乎意料）	He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

接 to do 和 doing 意思完全不同（必考）

动词	+ to do	+ doing
stop	停下来去做另一件事	停止正在做的事
remember	记得要去做（还没做）	记得做过（已做）
forget	忘记要做	忘记做过
regret	遗憾要做（还没做）	后悔做过
try	努力去做（设法）	试着做做看（试试效果）
mean	打算做	意味着做
go on	（做完一件）接着做另一件	继续做同一件事

used to do 过去常常（现在不了）　｜　be used to doing 习惯于　｜　be used to do 被用来做

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

易错点

看解析：4 个高频坑

悬垂分词：非谓语作状语的逻辑主语必须＝主句主语。× ~~Walking on the street, a car hit me.~~（走着的是人，不是车）　√ Walking on the street, I was hit by a car.
to do 作定语表将来：the question to be discussed at the meeting（将在会上讨论）vs the question discussed at the meeting（已讨论完）。
need / want / require + doing ＝ to be done：The room needs cleaning. ＝ The room needs to be cleaned.
介词后一律用 doing：be good at swimming、instead of crying、look forward to seeing you（这里的 to 是介词！）。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 非谓语填空（8 小题，先做再展开）

用括号内动词的适当形式填空。

______ (walk) along the street, I met an old friend of mine.
The problem ______ (discuss) at tomorrow's meeting is of great importance.
______ (finish) his homework, he went out to play.
The boy ______ (stand) under the tree is my brother.
The book ______ (write) by Lu Xun is popular with young people.
He hurried to the station, only ______ (find) the train had left.
She had her hair ______ (cut) yesterday.
______ (not know) what to do, she turned to her teacher.

参考答案与解析

Walking —— 逻辑主语是 I，主动、同时进行，用现在分词作状语。
to be discussed —— 会议在明天（将来）且问题"被讨论"，用不定式的被动式作定语。
Having finished —— "完成作业"先于"出去玩"，主动 + 先发生，用 having done。
standing —— 男孩"正站"在树下，主动、进行，用现在分词作定语。
written —— 书"被写"，被动、已完成，用过去分词作定语。
to find —— only to do 表示"结果却（出人意料）"。
cut —— have sth done 结构，"头发被剪"，用过去分词作宾补。
Not knowing —— 现在分词的否定式，not 放在分词前。

定语从句：关系词怎么选

两步走：① 先行词指人还是指物 ② 从句里缺什么成分。缺主 / 宾 / 表 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词。口诀：缺人缺物用代词，缺时间地点用副词。

关系词	指代	从句中作	例句
who	人	主语 / 宾语	The man who lives next door is a doctor.
whom	人	宾语（可省略）	The girl (whom) you met is my sister.
whose	人 / 物	定语（＋名词）	The boy whose father is a teacher won the prize.
which	物	主语 / 宾语	The book which is on the desk is mine.
that	人 / 物	主语 / 宾语	This is the village that we visited last year.
when ＝ in / on which	时间	时间状语	I'll never forget the day when we first met.
where ＝ in / at which	地点	地点状语	This is the house where my uncle was born.
why ＝ for which	reason	原因状语	Tell me the reason why you were late.
as	人 / 物 / 整句	主语 / 宾语	As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.

限制性 vs 非限制性

	限制性定语从句	非限制性定语从句
逗号	无	有逗号隔开
作用	限定，"是那个……的"	补充说明，去掉后主句仍然完整
that	可用	绝对不能用 that
which 指整句	不行	可以：He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.
翻译	译成"……的"	译成并列分句

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

只能用 that 的 5 种情况

先行词是 all / everything / anything / nothing / little / much / none 等不定代词：All that can be done has been done.
先行词被 the only / the very / the same / the last 修饰：This is the only book that I want.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰：He is the best teacher that I have ever met.
先行词既有人又有物：They talked about the people and things that they had seen.
主句以 who / which 开头（避免重复）：Who that has seen the film can forget it?

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

介词 + 关系代词

介词从哪来？看从句里动词的搭配（write with a pen → with which）或先行词的习惯搭配（the reason for which）

介词后只能用 which / whom，不能用 that、who。例：This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.　The teacher to whom I spoke was very kind.

看解析：where 还是 which？一句话判断法

把先行词"放回"从句，看句子缺什么：

This is the village ___ we visited last year. → we visited the village（缺宾语）→ 填 which / that
This is the village ___ he was born. → he was born in the village（缺状语）→ 填 where（＝ in which）

同一个先行词，从句缺宾语就用代词，缺状语才用副词——先补全句子，再决定填什么。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 定语从句填空（8 小题，先做再展开）

填入适当的关系词，必要时可填"介词 + 关系词"。

The man ______ is talking to our teacher is a famous writer.
I still remember the day ______ we first met.
This is the house ______ my uncle was born.
The reason ______ he gave for being late was not convincing.
______ is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
He has two sons, both of ______ work as doctors.
This is the pen ______ which I wrote the letter.
All ______ can be done has been done.

参考答案与解析

who / that —— 先行词 the man 指人，从句缺主语。
when —— 先行词 the day 指时间，从句 we first met 结构完整，缺时间状语。
where —— 从句 he was born 缺地点状语（＝ in which）。
which / that —— 陷阱题！give 缺宾语（gave the reason），所以用关系代词，不能用 why。
As —— 非限制性定语从句置于句首，指代整个主句，只能用 As。
whom —— 介词后指人用 whom，both of whom ＝他们俩都。
with —— write with a pen 的固定搭配，介词提到关系词前。
that —— 先行词是 all，只能用 that。

名词性从句：主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 同位语

从句在句子里"当名词用"，只有四个位置。引导词分三类：that（无词义、不作成分）、what / who / which（有词义、必作成分）、whether / if 与 wh- 疑问词。

类型	位置	常用引导词	例句
主语从句	句首 / 形式主语 it	that, what, whether, who, when…	What he said surprised us all.　It is important that we should keep calm.
宾语从句	动词 / 介词后	that, what, whether(if), 疑问词	I wonder whether he will come.　I don't know what he wants.
表语从句	be 等系动词后	that, what, whether, why, because…	The question is whether we can finish it on time.
同位语从句	fact / news / idea / belief / hope / doubt / question / promise 后	that, whether, 疑问词	The news that he had won spread quickly.

that 与 what

	that	what
词义	无词义，只起连接作用	有词义＝ the thing(s) that
作成分	不作任何成分	必作主语 / 宾语 / 表语
例句	I know that he is right.（he is right 已完整）	I know what he means.（means 缺宾语）
易错	× ~~I know what he is right.~~	× ~~What he said it made us happy.~~（what 已作宾语，不能再加 it）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

whether 与 if

下列情况只能用 whether：

句首主语从句：Whether he will come is not known.
表语从句：The question is whether it is worth trying.
同位语从句：the question whether we should go on
介词后：It depends on whether he agrees.
与 or not 直接相连：I don't know whether or not he'll come.
后接 to do：I can't decide whether to go.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

同位语从句怎么判断

① 前面的名词必须是抽象名词（fact / news / idea / belief / hope / doubt / promise / evidence）
② 从句本身结构完整，不缺成分 → 用 that 引导
③ that 不作成分的是同位语从句；that 作成分或从句缺成分的是定语从句

同位语从句：The news that our team won excited us.（our team won 已完整，that 不作成分）
定语从句：The news that he told us was false.（he told us 缺宾语，that 作 told 的宾语）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

语序：从句一律陈述语序

× ~~Could you tell me when will the train arrive?~~　√ Could you tell me when the train will arrive?

口诀：前面是疑问，后面也要正着装——从句内部不许倒装。

看解析：主语从句的主谓一致

① What we need is more time.（what 作主语，谓语一般用单数）
② What we need are books.（表语是复数，也可用复数，属于"意义一致"）
③ It is clear that he was lying.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语后置）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 名词性从句填引导词（8 小题，先做再展开）

It is certain ______ he will come on time.
______ we will hold the sports meeting depends on the weather.
I don't know ______ or not he will accept the offer.
The fact ______ she had never been abroad surprised us.
That is ______ I want to say.
That is ______ he was punished by the teacher.
______ he will come is still unknown.
He asked me ______ I had finished the report.

参考答案与解析

that —— it 作形式主语，真正主语是 that 从句，从句完整、that 不作成分。
Whether —— 句首主语从句表"是否"，只能用 whether，不能用 if。
whether —— 与 or not 直接相连，只能用 whether。
that —— fact 后是同位语从句，从句完整，用 that。
what —— say 缺宾语，what ＝ the thing that。
why —— 表语从句表原因，用 why。
Whether —— 主语从句置于句首，用 whether。
whether / if —— 宾语从句表"是否"，两者都可以。

状语从句：八类连词一张表

状语从句的考点 90% 落在连词的选择和主将从现上。先把八类连词背成条件反射，再练"看逻辑关系挑连词"。

类型	常用连词	例句
时间	when, while, as, before, after, until / till, as soon as, since, once, the moment, by the time	As soon as he arrived, we started dinner.
条件	if, unless, as long as, on condition that, in case, provided that	Unless you work harder, you'll fail.
原因	because, since, as, now that, for（并列连词，非从属）	Now that you've finished, you may go out.
让步	although / though, even though / even if, while（＝although）, no matter how, as（倒装）	Even if it rains, the match won't be cancelled.
目的	so that, in order that, for fear that（＋should）	He spoke louder so that everyone could hear.
结果	so…that, such…that, so that	He was so tired that he fell asleep at once.
比较	than, as…as, not as / so…as, the more…the more	The more you practise, the better you'll speak.
方式	as, as if / as though, the way	Do it as I told you.

as / while / when 的区别

连词	侧重	例句
as	"一边……一边……"，两个动作同时同步变化	As he grew older, he became quieter.
while	两个动作同时持续；或表对比（＝whereas）	He read while I cooked.　While I admit it's hard, I'll try.
when	时间点或时间段都行；还可表"这时突然"	I was walking home when it began to rain.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

三个高频连词

unless ＝ if…not：You will fail unless you work harder.（＝ if you don't work harder）注意 unless 从句本身不再加 not。
as long as ＝只要（条件）：As long as you keep practising, you'll improve.
even if ＝即使（让步，假设）；even though ＝虽然（已成事实）：Even if I fail, I'll try again.　Even though he was tired, he kept working.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

易错点

看解析：4 个高频坑

主将从现：时间 / 条件 / 让步从句不用 will。× ~~When he will come, I'll tell him.~~　√ When he comes, I'll tell him.
because 不与 so 连用，although 不与 but 连用——汉语习惯会带出来。
not…until 的倒装与强调：Not until he came back did we leave.（倒装）／It was not until he came back that we left.（强调）
hardly…when / no sooner…than 是固定搭配，主句用过去完成 + 倒装：Hardly had she sat down when the phone rang.　No sooner had he arrived than it began to snow.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 状语从句填连词（8 小题，先做再展开）

______ he is young, he knows a great deal about computers.
You will succeed ______ you keep trying.
He spoke louder ______ everyone could hear him.
______ you have grown up, you should be responsible for yourself.
______ it rains tomorrow, we will set off on time.
It will not be long ______ we meet again.
______ you practise, the better you will speak.
He had no sooner got home ______ the phone rang.

参考答案与解析

Although / Though —— 让步关系，"虽然……但是"。注意后面不能再加 but。
as long as —— 条件，"只要"。
so that —— 目的，"以便、为了"。
Now that —— 原因，"既然"。
Even if —— 让步，"即使"（假设语气）。
before —— It will not be long before…"不久就……"。
The more —— the more…the more，"越……越……"。
than —— no sooner…than…固定搭配（不能用 when）。

虚拟语气：与事实相反怎么"退一步"

核心规律一句话：现在退一步用过去，过去退一步用过完，将来退一步用 were to / should do。只要句子里出现「要是……就好了」「如果当时……」这类与事实相反的假设，立刻套表。

if 从句三种形式

与什么事实相反	if 从句	主句	例句
现在	did / were	would / could / might / should + do	If I were you, I would accept the offer.
过去	had done	would / could / might + have done	If I had known your address, I would have written to you.
将来	did / were to do / should do	would / could / might + do	If it should rain tomorrow, the match would be put off.

省略 if 要倒装：Were I you…　｜　Had I known…　｜　Should it rain…（三词提前，其余语序不变）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

wish / as if / would rather

结构	对现在 / 将来的虚拟	对过去的虚拟
wish + 从句	did / were（I wish I knew the answer.）	had done（I wish I had studied harder.）
as if / as though	did / were（He talks as if he knew everything.）	had done（He looked as if he had seen a ghost.）
would rather + 从句	did（I'd rather you came tomorrow.）	had done（I'd rather you hadn't told him.）
If only…	did / were（If only I had more time!）	had done（If only I had listened to you!）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

should + 动词原形（should 可省略）

一坚持、二命令、三建议、四要求：insist / order, command / suggest, advise, propose, recommend / demand, require, request, ask, urge。这类动词后的宾语从句用 (should) + 动词原形；变成名词 suggestion / advice / proposal / demand / requirement / order 后，同位语从句和表语从句也同样如此。

The doctor suggested that he (should) give up smoking.　｜　It is necessary that we (should) keep calm.

还有一类 It is important / necessary / strange / natural / a pity + that… 也用 (should) do；for fear that / lest / in case 后面的从句同样可以加 should。

看解析：suggest / insist 的两副面孔

suggest 表「建议」 → 用虚拟：He suggested that we (should) start early.
suggest 表「暗示、表明」 → 不用虚拟：His smile suggested that he was satisfied.
insist 表「坚持要求」 → 用虚拟：He insisted that I (should) stay.
insist 表「坚持说」 → 不用虚拟：He insisted that he was innocent.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 虚拟语气填空（8 小题，先做再展开）

用括号内动词的适当形式填空。

If I ______ (be) you, I would accept the offer at once.
If she ______ (leave) earlier, she would have caught the train.
He talks as if he ______ (know) everything about the subject.
I would rather you ______ (come) tomorrow instead of today.
The doctor suggested that he ______ (give) up smoking.
It is necessary that everyone ______ (be) present at the meeting.
______ (be) it not for the rain, we would have gone out.
I wish I ______ (not tell) him the news yesterday.

参考答案与解析

were —— 与现在事实相反，if 从句用 were（口语中偶见 was，考试以 were 为准）。
had left —— 与过去事实相反，if 从句用 had done，主句用 would have done。
knew —— as if 从句与现在事实相反，用一般过去时。
came —— would rather + 从句，对现在 / 将来用一般过去时。
(should) give —— suggest 表「建议」，从句用 (should) + 动词原形。
(should) be —— It is necessary that… 句型，从句用 (should) + 动词原形。
Were —— 省略 if 的倒装：Were it not for ＝ If it were not for。
hadn't told —— wish 后对过去的虚拟，用 had done 的否定式。

倒装与强调：句子的"重心"怎么挪

倒装只分两种：完全倒装（整个谓语搬到主语前，多用于地点 / 方向副词开头）和部分倒装（只把助动词 / 情态动词 / be 提前）。

完全倒装

地点 / 方向副词开头：Here comes the bus.　Out rushed the children.（主语是代词时不倒装：Here it is. / Away he went.）
表语提前：Gone are the days when we were poor.
there be 及类似结构：There stands an old temple on the hill.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

部分倒装

触发条件	结构	例句
否定词 / 半否定词提前：never, seldom, hardly, little, rarely, not until, no sooner, by no means, at no time, in no case, nowhere	否定词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词	Never before have I seen such a performance.　Not until midnight did he go to bed.
only + 状语 / 状语从句提前	Only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词	Only when he came back did we learn the truth.　Only in this way can you succeed.
so / neither / nor 表「也 / 也不」	So / Neither + 助动词 + 主语	— I like coffee.　— So do I.　— I don't like it.　— Neither do I.
so…that 中 so + 形容词提前	So + adj. + 助动词 + 主语 + that…	So tired was he that he fell asleep at once.
as / though 引导让步	形容词 / 副词 / 名词 + as + 主语 + 谓语	Young as he is, he knows a lot.
虚拟条件省略 if	Were / Had / Should + 主语	Had I known it, I would have told you.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

强调

It is / was + 被强调部分 + that（人被强调时也可用 who）+ 其余部分

强调主语：It was Tom that broke the window.
强调地点状语：It was in the library that I first met him.（此处不能用 where）
强调时间状语：It was in 2019 that he graduated.
强调 not until：It was not until he came back that we left.
强调谓语（do / does / did）：I do hope you'll come.　He did call you yesterday.

看解析：一句话分清强调句和定语从句

把 It is / was … that 去掉，剩下的词如果能重新拼成一个完整句子，就是强调句。

It was in the library that I met him. → 去掉后 "I met him in the library." 完整 ⇒ 强调句，填 that。
It was the library where I met him. → 去掉后 "I met him the library." 不通 ⇒ 定语从句，填 where。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 倒装与强调（8 小题，先做再展开）

按要求填空或改写成倒装句。

Never before ______ (have) I seen such a beautiful sunset.
Only in this way ______ (can) you improve your English.
Here ______ (come) the bus we have been waiting for.
Not until he came back ______ we leave.（填助动词）
So tired ______ he that he fell asleep at once.（填 be 的过去式）
It was in the library ______ I first met him.
It was not until midnight ______ he went to bed.
Hardly ______ (have) she entered the room when the phone rang.

参考答案与解析

have —— Never before 置于句首，部分倒装，助动词 have 提到主语 I 前。
can —— Only + 介词短语置于句首，部分倒装，情态动词 can 提前。
comes —— Here 开头完全倒装，主语 the bus 是单数，谓语用 comes。
did —— Not until 置于句首，主句部分倒装，且用一般过去时（came 后），故填 did。
was —— so + 形容词置于句首，完全倒装：So tired was he that…。
that —— 强调句，强调地点状语 in the library 用 that，不能用 where。
that —— 强调 not until 结构，固定用 It was not until…that…。
had —— Hardly 置于句首，主句用过去完成时并倒装。

高频易混词 30 组

完形填空和语法填空的失分，一半在这些"长得像、读音像"的词上。左边是辨析要点，右边是例句——例句一定要读出声，靠语感记比靠中文记牢。

词对	区别	例句
affect / effect	affect 是动词「影响」；effect 是名词「影响、效果」（have an effect on）	The noise affected my sleep. / It had a bad effect on me.
adapt / adopt	adapt 适应（adapt to）、改编；adopt 采纳、收养	He adapted to the new school. / They adopted a new plan.
lie / lay	lie (lay, lain, lying) 躺、位于，不及物；lay (laid, laid, laying) 放置，及物	He lay on the grass. / She laid the book on the desk.
rise / raise	rise (rose, risen) 上升，不及物；raise (raised, raised) 举起、提高，及物	Prices have risen. / Raise your hand.
borrow / lend	borrow 借入（borrow sth from sb）；lend 借出（lend sb sth）	I borrowed a book from him. / He lent me a book.
sensible / sensitive	sensible 明智的；sensitive 敏感的（be sensitive to）	It's sensible to book early. / She is sensitive to criticism.
economic / economical	economic 经济（上）的；economical 节约的、划算的	economic growth / an economical car
beside / besides	beside 在……旁边；besides 除……之外还有（补充）	Sit beside me. / Besides English, he speaks French.
advice / advise	advice 不可数名词；advise 动词（advise sb to do）	a piece of advice / I advise you to rest.
practice / practise	英式：practice 名词，practise 动词；美式两者都用 practice	Daily practice helps. / Practise every day.
principal / principle	principal 主要的、校长；principle 原则、原理	the principal reason / moral principles
stationary / stationery	stationary 静止的；stationery 文具	a stationary car / a stationery shop
compliment / complement	compliment 赞美、恭维；complement 补充、与……相配	He paid her a compliment. / The wine complements the dish.
desert / dessert	desert 沙漠（重音在前）；dessert 甜点（重音在后）	the Sahara Desert / ice cream for dessert
personal / personnel	personal 个人的；personnel 全体人员、人事部门	personal opinion / the personnel department
quiet / quite	quiet 安静的；quite 相当、十分	Keep quiet. / It's quite easy.
through / thorough	through 穿过、通过；thorough 彻底的、细致的	walk through the park / a thorough check
lose / loose	lose 丢失、输（lost, lost）；loose 松的、宽松的	Don't lose it. / a loose shirt
expect / except	expect 期待、预料；except 除……之外	I expect to win. / Everyone came except Tom.
accept / receive	accept 主动接受（心理上同意）；receive 收到（客观动作）	I received the gift but didn't accept it.
injure / wound	injure 事故、运动受伤；wound 刀枪等外伤	injured in a crash / wounded in battle
cost / spend / take / pay	cost 主语是物；spend 主语是人（on sth / in doing）；take 用 It takes sb time to do；pay 人 pay for	It took me an hour. / I spent an hour on it.
attend / join / take part in	attend 出席（会议、婚礼、课）；join 加入组织；take part in 参加活动	attend a meeting / join the club / take part in a debate
say / tell / speak / talk	say sth (to sb)；tell sb sth；speak 说语言、正式发言；talk with / to sb	He told me a story. / She speaks three languages.
bring / take / fetch / carry	bring 带来；take 带走；fetch 去取回来；carry 搬运（无方向）	Bring it here. / Take it away. / Fetch some water.
before long / long before	before long 不久以后（＝soon）；long before 很久以前	He'll come before long. / I had seen it long before.
in charge of / in the charge of	前者「主管、负责」；后者「由……掌管」	He is in charge of the team. / The team is in the charge of him.
hard / hardly	hard 努力地、困难的；hardly 几乎不（否定词，可触发倒装）	Work hard. / I can hardly hear you.
every day / everyday	every day 时间状语；everyday 形容词「日常的」	I run every day. / everyday English
a number of / the number of	a number of + 复数名词，谓语用复数（许多）；the number of + 复数名词，谓语用单数（……的数量）	A number of students are here. / The number of students is rising.

补充 10 组副词 / 短语类

词对	区别
most / mostly / almost	most 大多数；mostly 主要地；almost 几乎
late / later / latest / lately	late 迟的；later 后来；latest 最新的；lately 最近（＝recently）
farther / further	farther 距离更远；further 进一步（抽象）
all together / altogether	all together 一起；altogether 完全、总共
some time / sometime / sometimes	some time 一段时间；sometime 某时；sometimes 有时
used to do / be used to doing / be used to do	过去常常 / 习惯于 / 被用来做
dress / wear / put on	dress 宾语是人；wear 表状态；put on 表动作
sit / seat	sit 不及物；seat 及物（seat oneself / be seated）
amount of / number of	amount 修饰不可数名词；number 修饰可数名词
as well / as well as	as well 是副词短语「也」，放句末；as well as 是连接短语「以及」（连接并列成分，谓语与前面主语一致）

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 易混词选词填空（8 小题，先做再展开）

从括号中选出正确的词。

The heavy rain ______ (affected / effected) the harvest badly.
Please ______ (raise / rise) your hand if you know the answer.
Could I ______ (borrow / lend) your pen for a moment?
He is a ______ (sensible / sensitive) boy and often cries over small things.
She sat ______ (beside / besides) me during the whole film.
We should ______ (adapt / adopt) a more practical method.
The old man ______ (lay / laid) on the sofa, reading a newspaper.
I can ______ (hard / hardly) believe such an amazing story.

参考答案与解析

affected —— 此处需要动词，affect 是动词「影响」；effect 是名词。
raise —— raise 是及物动词，后面带宾语 your hand；rise 不及物。
borrow —— 主语是「我」，「借入」用 borrow sth from sb；lend 是「借出」。
sensitive —— 「敏感、容易哭」是 sensitive；sensible 是「明智的」。
beside —— 「坐在我旁边」用 beside；besides 是「除……之外还有」。
adopt —— 「采纳方法」用 adopt；adapt 是「适应、改编」。
lay —— lie (lay, lain) 表「躺」，不及物；此处「躺在沙发上」用 lay。
hardly —— 「几乎不能相信」用 hardly；hard 是「努力地」。

阅读理解：五类题型解题口诀

题型	识别标志	解题口诀	操作
细节题	who / when / where / how / 具体数字	先题后文，定位原句；同义替换才是答案，照抄原词多半是陷阱	题干关键词回原文定位 → 读定位句及前后一句 → 比对选项的"改写"
主旨大意题	main idea / best title / mainly about	首段首句 + 各段首句 + 末段结论；不选太窄（只是细节），不选太宽（跑出文章）	先看结构（总分 / 分总 / 对照），标题要能"罩住"全文
推理判断题	infer / suggest / imply / learn from	答案不在字面，一步推理为限；原文必须有据可查	排除"原文原句"（那不是推理）和"过度延伸"（超出一步）
词义猜测题	the word "X" probably means	看同义复现 / 反义对比 / 构词法 / 冒号破折号后的解释 / 举例	把选项代回原句读一遍，通顺即对；注意感情色彩一致
态度观点题	attitude / tone / the author thinks	抓感情色彩词（fortunately, unfortunately, critical, optimistic）；极端词（completely, never）多为错	态度一般四选一：supportive / objective / critical / doubtful

示例短文（先读，再做下面 4 题）

Many students take notes on laptops because typing is faster. But a growing body of research suggests that the pen may still have the edge. In one study at an American university, students who wrote notes by hand remembered more of a lecture than those who typed it.

The reason is not speed but choice. Typists tend to copy words word for word, while hand-writers must decide what matters and summarise it. That act of choosing forces the brain to process the information, which makes it stick.

None of this means laptops should be banned. For students with handwriting difficulties, a keyboard is a tool of equality. The lesson is simpler: whatever tool you use, listen for meaning rather than for words.

看解析：读文章的正确顺序

先读题干（不读选项），划出关键词，心里有目标。
读文章时标记转折词 however / but / yet 和因果词 because / therefore——考点最爱藏在这些地方。
定位句要读整句，别只看半句；注意否定词 not / hardly / rather than 和比较级。
主旨题最后做，做完细节题其实已经读懂全文了。

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 阅读表达（先做再展开）

读下面这段文字，然后回答 4 个问题。

Volunteering is often described as a gift to others, but the giver benefits too. Studies of teenagers who volunteer regularly show lower stress and higher confidence. The reason seems to be simple: helping others shifts attention away from one's own worries and creates a sense of being needed. The effect is strongest when the work is chosen freely rather than required. So if a school wants its students to gain from volunteering, it should offer choices, not orders.

用一句话概括这段文字的主旨（不超过 20 词）。
根据原文，志愿服务为什么对施与者也有好处？
把下面这句译成中文：The effect is strongest when the work is chosen freely rather than required.
作者给学校的建议是什么？用原文短语回答。

参考答案与解析

Volunteering benefits the giver as well, especially when it is freely chosen.（要点：施与者也受益 + 自愿选择是关键。主旨句在首句和末句。）
Helping others shifts attention away from one's own worries and creates a sense of being needed.（细节题：定位第三句，答案就是对原句的转述。）
当这项工作是自愿选择而不是被要求去做时，这种效果最强。（注意 rather than 译成"而不是"，when 从句前置更符合汉语习惯。）
It should offer choices, not orders.（末句原话，注意 offer choices 与 not orders 的对比。）

写作：应用文模板 + 读后续写 + 高分句型

应用文模板句（书信 / 通知 / 演讲稿）

文体	开头	主体	结尾
书信	Dear Chris, I'm writing to apply for the position of… I'm writing to invite you to… I'm writing to ask for your advice on…	First of all, … What's more, … Besides, … I would appreciate it if you could… Would it be possible for you to…?	I'm looking forward to your early reply. Thank you for your consideration. Yours, Li Hua
通知	Notice In order to…, an activity is to be held…	All students are requested to… Please gather at… The activity will last from… to…	Everyone is welcome. / Please be on time. The Student Union
演讲稿	Good morning, everyone! It's a great honour to speak here today. The topic of my speech is…	To begin with, … What's more, … Last but not least, … Take my own experience as an example.	In conclusion, let's take action right now. Thank you for listening.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

读后续写：五大描写法

描写法	怎么做	示例句
① 五感描写	视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉，每段至少塞进 2 种，画面立刻立体	The golden sunlight streamed through the window, and a gentle breeze whispered through the leaves.
② 动作链	用"动作 1 → 动作 2 → 反应"代替情绪形容词	His fingers tightened around the envelope; he took a deep breath and stepped forward.
③ 心理描写	写"心跳、呼吸、念头"，不写"我很紧张"	His heart pounded so loudly that he could hardly hear his own voice.
④ 环境烘托	用天气、光线、声音映衬心情（乐景写乐、哀景写哀）	The rain beat against the glass, as if it were knocking on his heart.
⑤ 细节呼应	结尾回到原文出现过的物件、场景或一句话，形成闭环	He sat down on the old wooden bench again, smiling.

续写段落结构：第一段＝承接上文 + 动作推进 + 一个转折；第二段＝情绪高点 + 解决问题 + 一句点题的收尾

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

高分句型 20 个

#	句型	例句
1	强调句 It is / was … that …	It was your encouragement that gave me the courage to try again.
2	Not only … but also …（倒装）	Not only did he finish the task, but he also helped others.
3	Only + 状语 + 倒装	Only by working together can we solve the problem.
4	Never before + 倒装	Never before have I seen such a moving scene.
5	So + adj. + 倒装 + that	So moved was she that she could hardly speak.
6	分词作状语	Having prepared for months, he walked into the exam room calmly.
7	with 复合结构	She stood there, with tears in her eyes.
8	which 指代整句	He kept his promise, which won him everyone's trust.
9	what 引导主语从句	What impressed me most was his quiet confidence.
10	As is often the case	As is often the case, the first attempt failed.
11	It is universally acknowledged that	It is universally acknowledged that reading broadens the mind.
12	There is no denying that	There is no denying that pressure is part of school life.
13	the more … the more …	The more we give, the more we receive.
14	not … until … 的强调	It was not until midnight that he finished the essay.
15	It goes without saying that	It goes without saying that health matters more than marks.
16	Compared with / In contrast to	Compared with last year, our output has doubled.
17	独立主格	Time permitting, we will visit the museum as well.
18	含蓄虚拟 But for	But for your help, I would have given up.
19	rather than / instead of	We should listen rather than judge.
20	名词化表达	Everyone can make a contribution to protecting the environment.

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

评分要点（对照打分）

维度	高分做法	常见扣分
内容要点	题目要求的点一条不漏，顺序合理	漏要点、写偏题
语法准确	时态统一（记叙用过去时）、主谓一致、非谓语正确	时态跳来跳去、句子没有谓语
词汇句式	高级词 + 复合句（定语从句、非谓语、倒装各来一个）	全篇简单句、反复用 good / very
连贯衔接	first / besides / however / as a result / in conclusion	没有连接词，句子堆砌
规范格式	书信有称呼和落款，通知有标题和发布单位，字数达标	缺格式、字数不足

🎯 这个知识点的随堂测

📝 大题 · 写作实操（先写再展开对照）

题目：假定你是李华，你的英国朋友 Chris 想来中国参加暑期中文课程，写信询问你的建议。请你回信：① 推荐一所学校 ② 说明理由 ③ 给出学习建议。词数 100 左右。

要求：至少使用本节的 3 个高分句型，并用 3 个以上连接词（First of all / What's more / As for 之类）分层。

参考范文与批注

Dear Chris,

I'm delighted to hear that you are coming to China for a summer Chinese course. I'm writing to recommend the language centre of Beijing Normal University.

Two reasons may account for my choice. First of all, its teachers are experienced in teaching foreigners, so classes are lively and easy to follow. What's more, the centre arranges homestay families, which gives you a real chance to practise Chinese after class.

As for your study, I suggest that you (should) spend at least an hour a day listening to Chinese podcasts and speaking aloud. Only in this way can you make quick progress. I would appreciate it if you could tell me your arrival date so that I can meet you at the airport.

I'm looking forward to your early reply.

Yours,
Li Hua

批注：① 全文一般现在时为主，时态统一；② 用了 which 引导的非限制性定语从句、suggest that (should) do、Only + 状语倒装、I would appreciate it if 四个高分句型；③ 连接词 First of all / What's more / As for 分层清楚；④ 结尾两句是书信固定套路，不啰嗦。